By Kirsty McHugh, OUP UK
In the last of this week’s Countdown to Copenhagen blog posts, Gordon Wilson of the Open University writes about public action and climate change beyond the COP15 summit. He is Senior lecturer in Technology & Development, and has been writing and researching on development issues for many years. These include technological capabilities, professional expertise and practice, knowledge production through active social learning, and science and technology for development. He has also written extensively on sustainable development. He is one of the editors of Environment, Development, and Sustainability: Perspectives and cases from around the world.
Click here for the rest of the Countdown to Copenhagen blogs.
World leaders at COP15 may or may not put their pens to a deal where it is worth waiting for the ink to dry. But to place too much reliance on anything that raises hopes is more than creating a hostage to fortune. It amounts to abrogating our responsibilities as citizens through setting up straw people who fall down when they fail to deliver.
The history of public policy and action has shown that they are rarely the sole acts of benign, neutral government drawing the right conclusions from technical analyses. More likely they represent a process of more-or-less ruly accommodations between many players and their different interests. Governments may be the most important of these players, but they are not the only ones. The history of public health initiatives in 19th century UK provides a useful lesson in this regard, the favourable social indicators of the Indian state of Kerala compared with the rest of India another. There is no reason to suppose that these lessons of how public needs come to be defined do not also apply to the international arena.
With respect to climate change, we owe a great debt to the scientists who created a consensus under the umbrella of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and who have ensured that the issue is on national and international agendas. We should not forget, however, the potential role of informed citizens operating individually or collectively in defining public policies and actions. This role is more than ‘green’ behaviour in terms of, for example, doing our bit to reduce carbon footprints. It is also more than our right in many countries to elect and de-elect our governments, important as that is. (In any case, at an international scale, a world government that is democratically accountable is not even on the radar.) Nor does it necessarily concern our ability to mount 10, or even 100, demonstrations relating to Copenhagen. It does concern, however, our abilities to apply individual and collective pressure through a combination of working with, and where necessary confronting, governments and their international manifestations, and demonstrating alternatives.
I stress the qualifying adjective ‘informed’ which I don’t restrict to citizen understanding of the science of climate change and its likely impacts, nor of the social science of understanding socio-economic impacts. Such understandings are undoubtedly necessary to be ‘informed’ but they are not sufficient. Knowing the ‘facts’ is neither enough to change personal lifestyles nor to change policy. This is because the ‘facts’ might contribute to our knowledge, but they do not represent that knowledge. We reflect on ‘facts’ and assimilate them through our personal and collective experiences, experiences which are influenced by our histories, our material and social circumstances, our ways of life and mindsets, and so on.
It is not surprising therefore, at all scales from the individual to the global, that there are many perspectives on climate change. But rather than throw our hands up in despair at ever reaching agreement, we should celebrate this diversity. Why? Because we generate new knowledge of how to do things differently from our differences. People with similar mindsets, perspectives, experiences don’t create much new knowledge – they tend to focus on doing better what they already know about.
I don’t wish to underestimate the challenge of working with difference – in social terms it all too often translates into inequality and power differences between individuals, social groups and states, where the most powerful do their utmost to define the truth of a situation. But our dependence on each other in relation to a global issue like climate change also means that no power is absolute and that it can be negotiated, even if this is not an easy process. An aspirational change is required, however – which is respect for the knowledge of others, including a willingness to listen, share, and generate creative common solutions.
Thus, by ‘informed’, I do not mean an end state of knowing the ‘facts’ but a process of ‘informing and being informed’ through communicative exchange with others. That for me is the true measure of citizenship, and one which can help our national governments and the international fora in which they participate to arrive at appropriate public – in a global sense – policies and actions with respect to climate change.
I appreciate and wish to agree with Gordon on ‘being informed’ in this process sense. This is a fundamental explanation why Climate change negotiations (and action)have taken this slow (frustrating) pace, despite the facts from the IPCC over the years.
Part of the problem is that the powerful global citizens relying on their climate change facts (including those from the IPCC),have closed their ears and eyes on the plight of the less fortunate ones. Hence they have sustained their lavish lifestyles (for example high energy use and waste disposal), with their negative impact being felt elsewhere in the low lying island states, Africa and Asia for example.
I therefore feel that for a successful Copenhagen and post Copenhagen result, all the global citizens need to ‘be informed’ in this wide sense (willingness to continuously listen to others wherever they may be, share knowledge and minimise roadblocks to technology transfer that can help adaptation efforts, and generate creative common solutions for our sole planet but not for profit as an end in itself.